2013년 11월 30일 토요일

About 'embry riddle eagles'|Sun 'N Fun 2009 - Saturday and Sunday







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    1. meacswacsports.blogspot.com/   05/19/2012
      ...second-ranked Embry-Riddle (Fla.) past No. 7 Xavier...National Championship. The Eagles (20-3), the national runner...Loma Nazarene (10) 5-0 Embry-Riddle (Fla.) (2) d. Belhaven...
    2. raysteele.blogspot.com/   11/19/2010
      ...portion of their class meeting online.” Embry-Riddle helped pioneer distance learning...offer classes in what they call “Eagle-Vision”, taking the name of the university...
    3. thanksusa.wordpress.com/   02/11/2013
      ...mentoring of Head Coach Maria Lopez, Charlotte has been a member of the Embry-Riddle Eagles Women’s Golf Team since she entered college. Charlotte has...
    4. lesrosbifs.wordpress.com/   12/04/2010
      .... This means Peter Masters , once of Middlesbrough and now of Embry-Riddle Eagles, will not feature on the list. Danny Jackson was a successful member of the Seattle...
    5. calluminusa.blogspot.com/   09/06/2008
      ...think? hmm.. decisions decisions ohyea theres also this embry riddle "eagles" flight team which takes part in national and regional competitions...
    6. airspeedonline.blogspot.com/   04/27/2009
      ... to do some of the really slow stuff, but I was amazed. Embry-Riddle Eagle 580. Lycoming IO-580 engine, 330hp. 1,300 lbs. 400 degrees/second roll rate. +/- 10...
    7. millerj83.wordpress.com/   02/05/2012
      ... between my Alma Mater the University of Central Florida Knights versus the Embry Riddle Golden Eagles. When I first step into the RDV Sportsplex in Maitland, Florida, I first noticed it...
    8. waistingaway.wordpress.com/   03/29/2009
      ...I barely knew. He was home schooled. He was an Eagle Scout. He went to Embry- Riddle Aerontaucial University. He became an Officer in the Army. He had...
    9. inwsoccer.blogspot.com/   09/26/2013
      ...San Marcos vs Rocky Mountain (@ Westminster) 1:30… Carroll College vs Menlo College (@ Embry-Riddle AU) 3:30 Saturday, September 28 - William Jessup U vs Rocky Mountain (@ Westminster) 11:30am...
    10. obamatruthrevealed.blogspot.com/   07/19/2013
      ...from 1973 to 1975. Following his release from the Navy, he attended Embry Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, FL, where he went through the “Professional Pilot...



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    2013년 11월 28일 목요일

    About 'embry riddle aeronautical university locations'|Delta Awards Employee Online University Scholarship







    About 'embry riddle aeronautical university locations'|Delta Awards Employee Online University Scholarship








    This               article               ranks               the               top               Florida               colleges               and               universities               by               average               (midhinge)               SAT               scores               for               recent               enrollees.

    The               SAT               college               placement               exam               comprises               three               sections:               Critical               Reading,               Math,               and               Writing.

    Each               section               of               the               SAT               is               worth               a               total               of               800               points;               therefore,               a               perfect               score               is               2400.
                   Ranking               Florida               colleges               and               universities               by               average               SAT               scores               is               the               best               methodology               for               several               reasons.

    First,               Florida               is               a               so-called               "SAT               state"               where               more               students               sit               for               the               SAT               than               the               ACT               exam.

    Second,               every               leading               Florida               college               and               university               reports               SAT               scores,               but               not               necessarily               ACT               scores.

    Finally,               it               is               implicitly               recognized               that               SAT               scores               are               the               gold               standard               when               applying               to               elite               Florida               colleges               and               universities.

    By               way               of               example,               95%               of               enrollees               at               New               College               of               Florida               submitted               SAT               results               while               only               52%               proffered               ACT               scores.
                   The               following               are               the               top               Florida               colleges               and               universities               along               with               their               locations,               average               SAT               scores,               acceptance               rates,               and               enrollment               rates.
                   1.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               New               College               of               Florida
                   Location:               Sarasota,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1960               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               53%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               29%
                   2.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               University               of               Miami
                   Location:               Coral               Gables,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1895               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               44%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               21%
                   3.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               University               of               Florida
                   Location:               Gainesville,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1849               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               43%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               57%
                   4.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               Rollins               College
                   Location:               Winter               Park,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1795               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               62%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               25%
                   5.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               Florida               State               University
                   Location:               Tallahassee,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1780               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               61%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               42%
                   6.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               University               of               Central               Florida
                   Location:               Orlando,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1735               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               47%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               42%
                   7.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               Eckerd               College
                   Location:               St.

    Petersburg,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1713               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               72%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               22%
                   8.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               University               of               South               Florida-Main               Campus
                   Location:               Tampa,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1705               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               42%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               33%
                   9.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               Florida               Institute               of               Technology
                   Location:               Melbourne,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1695               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               74%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               22%
                   10.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               Ave               Maria               University
                   Location:               Ave               Maria,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1680               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               37%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               38%
                   11.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               Flagler               College
                   Location:               St.

    Augustine,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1650               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               44%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               49%
                   12.

    (tie)               Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               Florida               International               University
                   Location:               Miami,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1645               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               37%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               46%
                   12.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               University               of               North               Florida
                   Location:               Jacksonville,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1645               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               64%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               34%
                   13.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               Stetson               University
                   Location:               DeLand,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1631               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               53%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               20%
                   14.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               University               of               South               Florida-St.

    Petersburg               Campus
                   Location:               St.

    Petersburg,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1610               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               55%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               56%
                   15.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               Embry               Riddle               Aeronautical               University-Daytona               Beach
                   Location:               Daytona               Beach,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1587               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               81%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               30%
                   16.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               The               University               of               West               Florida
                   Location:               Pensacola,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1586               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               68%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               36%
                   17.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               The               University               of               Tampa
                   Location:               Tampa,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1585               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               60%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               23%
                   18.

    (tie)               Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               Florida               Atlantic               University
                   Location:               Boca               Raton,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1570               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               46%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               39%
                   18.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               Florida               Southern               College
                   Location:               Lakeland,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1570               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               69%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               33%
                   19.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               Jacksonville               University
                   Location:               Jacksonville,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1532               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               54%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               18%
                   20.

    Top               Florida               Colleges               and               Universities:               Florida               Gulf               Coast               University
                   Location:               Fort               Myers,               Florida               
                   Average               SAT               Score:               1530               
                   Acceptance               Rate:               65%               
                   Enrollment               Rate:               37%
                   NOTE:               Some               Florida               colleges               and               universities               do               not               report               SAT               Writing               scores.

    In               such               cases,               scores               were               statistically               imputed               from               Critical               Reading               scores.

    Specialty               colleges               and               universities               with               limited               courses               of               study,               and               institutions               with               "open               admissions"               policies,               are               not               included               in               these               rankings.
                   To               read               more               from               this               writer               CLICK               HERE.
                   Source(s):
                   "COLLEGE               Navigator,"               ies               NATIONAL               CENTER               FOR               EDUCATION               STATISTICS






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    1. raysteele.blogspot.com/   11/19/2010
      ...as Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University was...only is Embry-Riddle on the ... location is here... glad that Embry-Riddle is for...
    2. nodronesnetwork.blogspot.com/   02/26/2013
      ...State College - Grand Junction United States Air Force Academy FLORIDA Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach University of Florida - Gainsville University of Central Florida - Orlando GEORGIA...
    3. columbiasouthernuniversity.wordpress.com/   04/01/2008
      ...choice, CSU is second only to Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and is number one... are available to 462 locations in 95 countries. Other...
    4. rockthetruth2.blogspot.com/   09/30/2013
      ...as an online student to earn a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautics at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Fort Worth. (Guardian, Sept. 17) Anyone contemplating suicide amid mass...
    5. travelforaircraft.wordpress.com/   07/25/2011
      ...translation to be understood. The location is the Daytona Beach FL campus of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Viewing the installation ...
    6. windnwaves.wordpress.com/   10/12/2009
      ... aeronautical university. Second, aside from the...and Daytona Beach, FL, Embry-Riddle has ... three locations in San Diego. Therefore...
    7. fwapalmcoast.wordpress.com/   04/29/2011
      ...to always keep in mind our geographic location when pricing services... for our department at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University is now in New York City . In...
    8. aviatorcollege.wordpress.com/   07/20/2012
      ... Department today to get detailed information on Aviation Degree in Aeronautical Science . ENROLL NOW FOR FALL CLASSES Distributed by Viestly Like this...
    9. flyprescott.blogspot.com/   03/08/2011
      ...aspx ### Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, the world's .... Embry-Riddle educates...Campus at more than 150 locations in the United...
    10. kplcblogs.typepad.com/weatherblog/   11/15/2011
      ... a collaborative effort between 4Frontiers and students from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and the University of Central Florida. The launch vehicle was designed...



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    2013년 11월 27일 수요일

    About 'riddle university'|... repeated police invasions. All universities were riddled with NP informers, all lecturers ...







    About 'riddle university'|... repeated police invasions. All universities were riddled with NP informers, all lecturers ...








    Gnawing               marrow-bones               might               get               you               through               hard               times,               in               evolutionary               terms,               but               when               you're               looking               for               brain               development,               you're               talking               seafood.

    Recent               work               by               Finnish               scientists               has               been               widely               accepted               to               show               a               link               between               Omega               3               fatty               acids               and               brain               health.

    So               much               so               that               it               has               caused               a               kind               of               revolution               in               the               food               industry,               much               to               the               detriment               of               wild               fish               stocks               worldwide.

    Nutritionally,               it's               difficult               to               assert               reasonably               that               an               ape               could,               or               would,               adapt               to               a               savanna               lifestyle,               newly               dependent               upon               scraps               left               over               from               predator-kills,               and               in               the               process               ingest               enough               fatty               tissue               to               support               the               phenomenal               cerebral               expansion               shown               by               the               fossil               record               during               the               late               Miocene               in               hominids.

    We               don't               see               a               parallel               to               this               in               other               primates               which               did               (and               do)               occupy               the               savanna               niche,               for               instance               baboons,               but               we               see               a               roughly               equivalent               expansion,               although               on               a               much               different               timescale,               in               aquatic               mammals               such               as               dolphins.

    That's               one               of               the               arguments               that               make               up               the               Aquatic               Ape               hypothesis,               a               kind               of               catch-all               formula               to               explain               the               suite               of               derived               characteristics               that               separate               humans               from               our               nearest               biological               cousins.

    The               idea               was               first               offered               in               public               by               Sir               Alister               Hardy               in               1960.

    On               March               5               of               that               year               he               appeared               at               the               British               Sub-Aqua               Club               at               Brighton               and               presented               a               paper               later               published               in               The               New               Scientist,               where               he               explained               that               he               felt               the               moment               was               "appropriate."               It's               well               worth               noting               that               he               waited               until               the               end               of               his               career               as               a               marine               biologist               before               such               a               moment               came               along--he               had               first               been               struck               by               the               idea               in               the               1929,               after               an               expedition               where               he               spent               a               great               deal               of               time               dealing               with               seals               and               their               subcutaneous               fat.

    Apparently,               much               of               the               delay               was               because               he               began               lukewarm               about               it,               but,               "the               more               I               reflected               on               it,               the               more               I               came               to               believe               it               to               be               possible,               or               even               likely."               (The               New               Scientist,               Vol.
                   7,               April               1960)               He               also               hoped               that               fossils               would               be               discovered               in               support               of               his               idea               although               he               noted               that               many               of               the               most               likely               habitats               are               in               modern               times               submerged               by               the               Indian               Ocean.
                   In               a               1977               article               for               Zenith,               the               magazine               of               the               Oxford               University               Scientific               Society,               Hardy               went               into               a               little               more               detail:               "So               after               some               twenty               million               years               or               more               of               living               a               semi-aquatic               life--I               must               make               it               clear               that               I               do               not               suppose               man               spent               more               than               perhaps               five               or               six               hours               in               the               water               at               a               time--Homo               aquaticus               left               the               sea               (or               lake)               a               very               different               creature               from               when               he               first               entered               it."               Both               Hardy               and               his               protege,               Elaine               Morgan,               emphasize               the               ready               availability               of               fat-rich,               easily               gathered,               perennial,               rather               than               seasonal,               food               sources               to               be               found               in               inland               seas,               estuaries               and               other               bodies               of               water,               a               far               cry               from               the               nuts,               berries,               tubers               and               odd               bits               of               meat               available               to               the               same               animals               on               land.
                   Readers               of               Elaine               Morgan's               books               on               the               subject               realize               right               away               that               she               is               looking               at               the               problem               in               a               different               light.

    In               her               first               book,               The               Descent               of               Woman,               she               begins               with               a               discussion,               not               of               a               brave               male               pursuing               dangerous               beasts,               but               of               a               resourceful               female               searching               for               shelter               and               a               safe               supply               of               food.

    "She               knew               at               once               she               wasn't               going               to               like               it               there               (on               the               savanna,               when               during               a               period               of               forest               retreat).

    She               had               four               hands               better               adapted               for               gripping               than               walking               and               she               wasn't               very               fast               on               the               ground.

    She               was               a               fruit               eater               and               as               far               as               she               could               see               there               wasn't               any               fruit."               Morgan               was,               of               course,               looking               at               the               problem               in               slightly               different               terms               than               Robert               Ardrey               (The               Naked               Ape)               and               Desmond               Morris               (the               Mighty               Hunter               Hypothesis)               had               done.

    She               was               considering               the               possibility               that               the               great               evolutionary               leap               was               prompted,               not               by               the               difficult               route               mapped               out               with               males               as               the               central               figures,               but               by               the               more               immediate               needs               of               her               own               gender.

    This               may               have               been               partly               because,               in               1972,               women               around               the               western               world               were               questioning               everything               about               a               male-dominated               society,               and               wondering               whether               there               was               a               way               to               fit               women               into               the               evolutionary               picture.

    That               it               made               sense               was,               perhaps,               an               unexpected               bonus.
                   During               Hardy's               time,               the               Mighty               Hunter               hypothesis               was               as               solidly               fixed               in               both               the               scientific               and               the               public               minds               as               it               ever               would               be,               although               in               recent               years               its               many               shortcomings               have               come               under               increasing               scrutiny.

    On               the               other               hand,               AAH,               an               apparently               reasonable
                   alternative,               despite               a               35-year               campaign               by               Morgan,               (who,               with               her               popular               books,               has               transformed               AAH               into               a               near-cult               with               all               the               faith-based               restrictions               of               any               shaky               hypothesis),               the               scientific               community               is               no               nearer               accepting               the               aquatic               evolutionary               phase               of               hominid               history               than               it               was               a               generation               ago.
                   Most               texts               and               popular               books               which               might               most               naturally               mention               AAH,               if               only               to               offer               a               refutation,               fail               to               notice               it.

    It's               far               from               forgotten,               however.

    Morgan               who               published               The               Descent               of               Woman               in               1972,               and               followed               that               with               The               Aquatic               Ape               in               1982               and               The               Scars               of               Evolution               in               1994,               has               refused               to               let               go               of               the               idea.

    In               fact,               with               the               latter               titles,               she               shows               evidence               of               being               more               determined               that               ever               to               have               the               hypothesis               taken               seriously.

    The               books               are               widely               read,               and               support               a               variety               of               websites               devoted               both               to               advocating               and               refuting               AAH.

    Not               all               of               these               are               based               on               good               science,               or               even               good               sense,               but               fundamentally               the               idea               is               hard               to               refute               out-of-hand,               if               only               because               the               recognized               authorities,               from               whatever               discipline               they               approach               the               question,               still               have               significant               disagreements               to               contend               with               when               it               comes               to               shadowy               Miocene               behaviors.

    As               far               as               drawing               firm               conclusions,               the               data               available               now--although               certainly               much               more               complete               than               Hardy               had               the               advantage               of--is               still               spotty.

    As               a               result,               the               conclusions               about               such               things               as               fossil               dating               and               primate               lineages               are               necessarily               more               in               the               form               of               conjecture,               and               one               generation's               firm               conclusions               are               often               the               next's               quaint               misconceptions,               neatly               discarded,               but               replaced               by               more               conjecture.
                   Morgan,               an               Oxford               graduate,               is               not               and               has               never               claimed               to               be               a               scientist,               which               could               account               for               the               code               of               silence               around               her               books.

    She               writes               for               Welsh               television,               and               the               writing               she's               done               on               anthropology               is               of               the               easily-digestible               type.

    Whether               or               not               that               makes               it               less               scientifically               reliable               isn't               exactly               clear.
                   Milford               Wolpoff               of               the               University               of               Michigan,               in               a               comprehensive               1999               text               on               paleoanthropology,               never               mentions               the               aquatic               hypothesis               at               all,               although               he               comes               close.

    In               making               his               "Case               for               an               Arboreal               Ancestry,"               Wolpoff               notes,               "...if               Oligocene               genera               such               as               Aegyptopithecus               from               the               Fayum               are               ancestral               to               the               living               hominids,               evidence               of               the               fact               that               the               Fayum               was               a               swamp               forest               (my               italics)               then               means               these               primates               were               arboreal."               He               goes               on               to               wonder               whether               the               common               ancestor,               from               whom               humans,               gorillas               and               chimpanzees               radiated,               lived               at               ease               in               the               trees               like               a               gibbon               or               like               a               rather               more               tentative               climber.

    He               isn't               willing               any               longer               to               guarantee               a               brachiating               ancestor,               but               some               type               of               life               in               the               trees               is               virtually               certain.
                   True               brachiating               is               quite               rare               among               primates,               and               doesn't               occur               among               chimps               and               gorillas,               which               still               enjoy               comfortably               arboreal               lifestyles               when               it               suits               them.

    Wolpoff               keeps               running               into               significant               questions:               "The               morphology               of               the               earliest               known               hominid               hands               and               forearms               is               quite               different               from               the               ape               morphology,               and               the               question               is               why?

    (his               italics)               (Paleoanthropology,               Wolpoff).

    The               hands               and               shoulders               of               a               human               being               are               certainly               no               more               than               tenuously               prepared               for               a               committed               arboreal               lifestyle.

    Even               a               trained               gymnast               would               have               trouble               consuming               a               meal               of               fruit               while               suspended               from               a               creaking               limb               by               one               hand.

    For               most               humans               the               act               isn't               even               worth               the               attempt.
                   Coming               up               with               an               all-inclusive               model               for               the               scenario               favoring               the               specific               adaptations               made               in               the               human               lineage               is               all               but               impossible.

    It's               made               more               difficult               by               Wolpoff               because               he               seems               determined               to               stick               with               Raymond               Dart's               "Killer-Ape"               hypothesis               at               all               costs.

    Morgan,               however,               not               only               has               an               alternative,               but               can               show               us               contemporary               models.

    "There               remains               the               water               theory.

    The               nearest               primate               model               here               is               the               proboscis               monkey,               which               often               resorts               to               bipedalism               not               from               choice               but               by               necessity.
                   "In               the               award-winning               documentary               film               Siarau               (Partidge               Films,               Ltd.

    1984),               there               is               remarkably               vivid               footage               of               a               band               of               these               animals               walking               along               on               their               hind               legs,               up               to               their               chests               in               water."               (Morgan)               Not               only               does               she               show               us               bipedalism               in               an               "abroreal"               primate,               she               also               ties               the               feminine               aspect               in               by               noticing               a               female               proboscis               carrying               an               infant               through               the               water               "the               clasp               and               posture               strongly               reminiscent               of               a               woman               carrying               a               baby."               (Morgan,               The               Scars               of               Evolution)
                   Therefore,               it's               tempting               to               embrace               AAH               if               only               because               it               could               potentially               tie               up               so               many               loose               ends:               "If               we               regard               the               ancestral               primate               as               an               aquatic               ape,               he               ceases               to               be               a               mysterious               zoological               aberration               evolving               unique               and               inexplicable               features               of               no               use               to               himself               and               highly               deleterious               to               his               children.

    Put               him               among               the               aquatic               mammals               and               he               becomes               a               conformer,               obeying               the               laws               of               evolution               instead               of               running               contrary               to               them"               (Morgan,               The               Aquatic               Ape).

    Following               up               on               Hardy,               Morgan               applies               Occam's               razor               to               the               problem,               reasoning               that               the               simplest               explanation               may               well               be               the               best.
                   Resistance               to               Hardy               was               quick               to               appear.

    He               reported               in               Zenith               that               he               was               "forced               to               publish               it               [the               paper               in               The               New               Scientist]               to               protect               myself               from               the               outrageous               distortions               of               my               views               that               appeared               unexpectedly               in               the               national               press."               Ordinarily,               one               would               expect               such               an               all-encompassing               solution               to               one               of               the               great               riddles               of               human               history               to               be               vigorously               pursued,               as               Hardy               hoped               it               would               be,               but,               again,               one               searches               the               scientific               texts               mostly               in               vain.
                   Two               authors               who               actually               mention               AAH               are               split               on               their               reaction               to               it.

    John               Gribbins               and               Jeremy               Cherfas,               in               The               Monkey               Puzzle,               put               it               this               way:               "One               of               us               thinks               that               the               best               one               can               say               of               Morgan's               version               of               Hardy's               hypothesis               is               that               it               deserves               to               be               taken               seriously               only               as               a               sensible               example               of               model-building,               unlike               the               Mighty               Hunter               hypothesis               which               is               useful               only               as               an               example               of               how               not               to               construct               a               scientific               theory."               In               a               discussion               covering               several               pages,
                   they               look               at               the               features               in               question,               such               as               the               unique               shape               of               the               human               nose,               lack               of               bodily               hair,               the               frowning               muscles--not               observed               in               other               primates,               but               ascribed               by               Morgan               to               adaptation               against               glare               on               water--and               the               general               appearance               of               the               human               body,               that               is,               streamlined               in               the               model               of               a               cetacean               or               a               pinniped,               rather               than               bulky               as               other               primates               tend               to               be.

    In               the               end,               they               admit               "The               other               author,               however,               finds               the               aquatic               evidence               too               strong               to               dismiss               entirely,"               leaving               the               door               open               to               open-minded               consideration               of               new               and               existing               evidence.

    They               agree,               however,               that               Morgan               and               Hardy               offer               a               list               "longer               and               more               persuasive               than               the               equivalent               list               of               the               Mighty               Hunter's               advocates."               Their               biggest               difficulty               comes               when               trying               to               reconcile               AAH's               proposed               timeline               to               what               is               known               about               hominid               evolution,               and               the               question               of               why,               if               an               ape               had               spent               so               much               time               adapting               to               a               watery               environment,               it               bothered               coming               back               to               land               at               all.

    In               Morgan's               view,               this               is               explained               by               the               geology               around               Hadar               (Ethiopia),               where               an               inland               sea               was               created,               but               slowly               became               too               saline               to               be               hospitable,               ejecting               its               newly-adapted               inhabitants               back               onto               dry               land               where               they               were               able               to               put               bipedalism               and               a               larger               brain               to               good               use.

    She               also               contends               that               tool               use               follows               naturally               if               a               primate,               already               perhaps               adept               at               termite-fishing,               found               itself               surrounded               by               thick-shelled               meals               and               plentiful               stones.

    One               thing               leads               to               another               rather               smoothly               if               you               accept               the               premise               in               the               first               place.
                   In               The               Scars               of               Evolution,               Morgan               looks               at               some               of               the               criticisms               aimed               at               AAH               as               explained               in               her               earlier               works.

    One               of               these               is               that               primates               and               apes               have               an               innate               aversion               to               water,               which               would               have               prevented               a               voluntary               shift               toward               the               aquatic               environment.

    She               deals               with               this               by               considering               what               was               going               on               on               the               African               continent               at               the               time.

    "...the               apes               stayed               where               they               were               and               the               sea               came               in               to               them,               The               vicinity               of               Hadar               was               one               of               the               most               unstable               spots               on               the               surface               of               the               earth               at               the               time               of               the               ape/man               split."               (Morgan,               The               Scars               of               Evolution)
                   She               also               postulates,               based               on               the               same               terrestrial               dynamics,               a               reasonable               explanation               for               the               original               sea-to-land               migration               beginning               350               million               years               ago.

    It's               not               that               the               fish               wanted               to               leave               the               sea,               but               that               the               sea               disappeared               around               them.

    Such               events               are               more               the               rule               than               the               exception               when               one               looks               the               planet's               long-term               continental               fluctuations.
                   She               credits               Leon               P.

    La               Lumiere               of               the               Naval               Research               Laboratory               in               Washington,               D.C.

    for               piecing               together               the               geological               evidence.

    "La               Lumiere               reasoned               that               if               this               aquatic               interlude               took               place               at               all               it               must               have               had               as               its               starting               point               a               forested               area               inhabited               by               apes               in               the               late               Miocene.

    He               then               postulated               that               speciation               of               the               kind               indicated               by               the               fossil               record               strongly               suggested               that               a               population               of               the               apes               had               become               isolated               over               a               prolonged               period               from               others               of               their               kind;               and               that               any               such               isolation               must               have               come               to               an               end               in               the               late               Pliocene               or               early               Pleistocene               to               account               for               the               siting               of               early               hominid               fossils."               (Morgan,               The               Aquatic               Ape)               La               Lumiere               studied               the               geological               history               of               Africa               and               determined               that               the               scenario               Morgan               describes               was               possible               in               Africa's               Rift               Valley.

    "Populations               of               apes               undoubtedly               in               those               circumstances               have               found               themselves               isolated               on               Danakil,               or               on               smaller               islands,               or               marooned               in               the               treetops               of               lower-lying               forest               areas               invaded               by               the               sea."               (Morgan,               The               Aquatic               Ape,               quoting               La               Lumiere)               La               Lumiere               is               able               to               reconcile               his               geology               with               the               molecular               clock,               and               to               provide               a               reasonable               explanation               for               the               return               to               land.

    Although               molecular               dating               could               yield               results               more               positive               that               stratigraphic               or               isotopic               dating               is               capable               of,               it               tends               to               leave               rather               large               areas               of               wiggle               room.

    For               instance:               "Imagine               that               an               ancestral               species               possessed               a               gene               A.

    Now               imagine               that               a               variant               of               the               gene,               A'               ,               arose               around               10               million               years               ago,               making               the               gene               polymorphic.

    Individuals               in               the               population               of               the               common               ancestor               may               now               possess               two               copies               of               variant               A               (that               is,               homozygous               for               A),               two               copies               of               variant               A'               (homozygous               for               A'),               or               one               copy               of               each               variant               (heterozygous),               suppose
                   that               5               million               years               ago               the               ancestral               species               split               into               three               daughter               species,               X,Y,               and               Z.

    In               the               population               that               leads               to               X,               the               variant               A'               is               lost,               leaving               just               A.

    In               the               population               that               leads               to               Z,               variant               A               is               lost,               leaving               just               A'.

    A               comparison               of               the               sequences               of               this               gene               in               species               X               and               Z               would               indicate               that               they               diverged               10               million               years               ago,               despite               the               fact               the               speciation               event               occurred               only               5               million               years               ago."               (Lewin,               Human               Evolution)
                   La               Lumiere               notes,               in               common               with               Darwin,               that               such               islands               are               known               to               be               areas               of               comparatively               rapid               evolutionary               change.

    It               goes               without               saying               that               the               Rift               Valley               is               a               rich               source               of               fossil               information               from               this               critical               period,               something               La               Lumiere               believes               corroborates               AAH,               and               could               potentially               provide               conclusive               evidence               for               it.
                   Indeed,               as               Morgan               points               out,               some               sort               of               geological               event               isolating               one               or               more               groups               of               apes               was               a               necessary               condition               for               the               kind               of               speciation               that               eventually               led               to               Homo               Habilis.

    The               idea               also               helps               throw               light               on               the               mysterious               inability               of               the               robust               and               gracile               australopithecines               to               adapt               and               survive               along               with               later               hominids,               though               their               life               history               spans               a               considerable               length               of               time.
                   Probably               the               most               serious               attempt               to               actually               debate               AAH               occurred               in               Valkenburg,               The               Netherlands,               in               1987.

    The               European               Sociobiological               Society               and               the               Dutch               Association               of               Physical               Anthropology               convened               a               conference               of               22               interested               parties               expressly               to               evaluate               AAH.
                   While               no               firm               conclusion               seems               to               have               been               reached,               Valkenburg               tended,               tentatively,               to               refute               AAH,               according               to               the               website               www.riverapes.com.

    The               conference's               epilogue               was               carefully               worded,               but               pessimistic:               "Our               general               conclusion               is               that,               while               there               are               a               number               of               arguments               favouring               the               AAT,               they               are               not               sufficiently               convincing               to               counteract               the               arguments               against               it."
                   At               the               same               time,               biological               anthropologist               Vernon               Reynolds,               in               his               summary,               wrote,
                   "...there               does               seem               to               be               evidence               that               not               only               did               they               take               to               water               from               time               to               time               but               that               the               water               (and               by               this               I               mean               inland               lakes               and               rivers)               was               a               habitat               that               provided               enough               extra               food               to               count               as               an               agency               of               selection."               The               question               of               food               resources               is               problematic               in               any               savanna               scenario,               unless               you're               talking               about               a               skilled               hunter,               which               nobody               seriously               proposes               for               the               era.

    What               you               have               is               a               determined               scavenger,               following               the               same               herds               exploited               by               some               of               the               fiercest               beasts               ever               to               walk               the               earth.

    It's               hardly               a               situation               that               encourages               continued               and               expanded               commitment,               especially               when               a               much               more               reliable,               and               safer,               food               source               is               located               nearby.

    If               we               look               at               the               baboon,               who's               lifestyle               is               most               like               that               proposed               for               early               hominids,               we               are               struck               by               the               lack               of               evolutionary               progress               as               compared               to               the               actual               ape               who               got               up               on               two               legs               and               made               a               habit               of               it.
                   Being               scientists,               the               Valkenburg               conferees               were               understandably               cautious,               as               Hardy               was,               but               they               admitted               "it               may               well               be               rewarding               to               reconsider               the               issue               once               further               evidence--for               instance               from               paleontology--becomes               available."               The               subsequent               discovery               of               Orrorin               tugenensis               could               have               a               bearing               on               the               question,               but               it               has               to               be               considered               in               that               light               for               it               to               have               much               of               an               effect.

    Valkenburg               also               noted               that               Hardy               was               not               the               first               to               put               the               pieces               together               as               he               did,               although               earlier               writers               seemed               to               escape               notice.

    Max               Westenhoffer,               at               the               University               of               Berlin,               made               a               similar               proposal               in               1942,               again               trying               to               make               sense               of               the               features               that               so               differentiate               humans               from               the               great               apes.

    G.L.

    Sera               discusses               a               similar               idea               in               a               1924               paper,               speculating               that               the               platyrrhine               monkeys               became               morphologically               distinct               from               the               catarrhines               because               of               a               period               of               aquatic               development.

    Perhaps               Westenhoffer               would               have               reached               a               wider               audience               were               it               not               for               Germany's               total               involvement               in               World               War               2.
                   In               The               Blind               Watchmaker,               Richard               Dawkins               uses               the               pebbles-on-the-beach               analogy               to
                   eloquently               show               how               what               appears               to               be               mere               chance               is               actually               an               inevitable               reaction               to               the               machinery               of               physics.

    The               smaller               pebbles               on               a               beach               are               sorted               from               the               larger               ones               through               perfectly               understandable               hydrological               action.

    In               the               same               way,               we               can               look               at               what               is               known               of               primate               evolution:               from               small               beginnings               larger               animals               radiated               into               niches               as               they               became               available               and               as               competitive               pressures               or               habitat               loss               made               new               strategies               necessary.

    There's               nothing               particularly               mysterious               about               it.

    To               propose               that               an               ape               found               a               better               and               more               reliable               food               source,               and               protection               from               landlubbing               predators,               by               taking               recourse               to               the               shallow               warm               waters               not               far               from               their               accustomed               forests,               is               hardly               an               astonishing               leap               of               imagination.

    Modern               maqaques               enjoy               resting               in               the               hot               springs               when               it               snows               and               don't               mind               eating               some               crab               from               time               to               time.
                   Nor               was               the               aquatic               ape               the               only               primate               ever               to               develop               adaptations               that               can               be               interpreted               as               marine.

    Although               Oreopithecus               is               not               considered               to               be               in               the               human               lineage,               the               evidence               is               plain               that               he               lived               in               swampy               forests               (like               Aegyptopithecus),               and               "It               is               characterized               by               the               short               iliac               bones               which               are               seen               in               most               aquatic               mammals,               and               in               man               and               his               ancestors."               (Morgan,               The               Scars               of               Evolution).

    As               Peter               Andrews               and               Chris               Stringer               conclude               in               Human               Evolution,               "Oreopithecus               is               an               enigma               over               which               scientists               continue               to               argue,               partly               due               to               its               strange               morphology               and               partly               to               its               potential               importance               to               the               general               understanding               of               human               evolution."               They               remark               on               the               strong               evidence               of               convergent               evolution               under               circumstances               not               unlike               those               that               confronted               the               common               ancestor               when               she               received               her               biological               walking               papers.
                   The               most               amusing               analysis               of               AAH               comes               from               a               psuedo-scientific               website               maintained               by               a               religious               "science"               organization,               (www.objectiveministries.org).

    Of               course               the               idea               of               an
                   objective               scientific               ministry               is               humorous               on               its               face,               but               for               a               real               laugh,               Dr.

    Richard               Paley               informs               believers               that               humans               have               what               appear               to               be               "semi-aquatic               traits"               (a               grudging               nod               to               the               profound               morphological               riddle               posed               by               human               derived               traits)               so               that               "if               one               fell               off               the               ship               (Noah's               Ark)               he               or               she               would               be               able               to               tread               water               until               the               others               could               help.

    To               this               end               He               (God)               created               Adam               and               Eve               with               semi-aquatic               features               such               as               relative               hairlessness               and               the               ability               to               gulp               air               with               their               mouths               as               a               pre-adaptation               to               the               dilivuvian               envirnoment."               Paley's               poor               grasp               of               science               is               betrayed               by               his               observation               that               AAH               postulates               an               aquatic               adaptive               phase               "billions"               of               years               ago,               the               kind               of               statement               that               obviously               weakens               any               further               argument.
                   But               positive               analysis               of               AAH               can               be               found               in               such               diverse               publications               as               the               U.K.'s               Labor               Left               Bulletin.

    Its               credibility               is               probably               not               helped               by               positive               attention               from               spacetransportation.org,               but               the               idea               is               kept               alive               by               such               phenomena               as               the               progressive               rock               band               The               Aquatic               Ape.

    Apparently               the               idea               of               aquatic               hominids               strikes               a               romantic               chord               in               the               human               consciousness,               another               derived               characteristic               that               has               been               used               by               Morgan's               supporters,               who               seem               to               use               emotion               as               much               as               intellect               to               back               the               argument.
                   While               none               of               this               discussion               leads               to               any               final               answers,               we               are               able               to               conclude,               in               common               with               Ian               Tattersal               in               The               Fossil               Trail               that,               "The               setting               in               which               human               upright               locomotion               emerged               seems               poised               for               much               future               debate."               In               the               end,               that's               all               Hardy               and               Morgan               ever               asked               for.
                   Bibliography
                   Andrews,               P.,               Stringer,               C.,               HUMAN               EVOLUTION,               Cambridge,               Cambridge               University               Press,
                   1989
                   Dawkins,               R.,               THE               BLIND               WATCHMAKER,               New               York,               W.W.

    Norton               &               co.,               1996
                   Gibbons,               J.,               Cherfas               J.,               THE               MONKEY               PUZZLE,               New               York,               Pantheon,               1982
                   Lewin,               R.,               PRINCIPLES               OF               HUMAN               EVOLUTION,               Malden,               MA               and               Oxford,
                   Blackwell               Science,               1993
                   Morgan,               E.,               THE               DESCENT               OF               WOMAN,               New               York,               Stein               and               Day,               1972
                   Morgan,               E.,               THE               AQUATIC               APE,               New               York,               Stein               and               Day,               1982
                   Morgan,               E.,               THE               SCARS               OF               EVOLUTION,               London,               Oxford               University               Press,               1994
                   Tattersall,               I.,               THE               FOSSIL               TRAIL,               Oxford,               Oxford               Universtiy               Press,               1995
                   Wolpoff,               M.H.,               PALEOANTHROPOLOGY,               Boston,               McGraw               Hill,               1999






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